ALFONSINE NYÉLENGA BOUYA – Le rassembleur
Elle dit avoir traversé bas-fonds, falaises et ravins, pris sa retraite. Mais ne cesse d’écrire : Elle écrit dans des anthologies et des revues et finalement publie aux éditions Doxa, un recueil de nouvelles, Makandal dans le sang, qui traverse mers et océans. Aujourd’hui elle a bouclé un roman et trouve un temps pour répondre à nos questions.
Alfonsine Nyélenga Bouya, qui êtes-vous ?
Je suis une femme qui a traversé plaines et rivières, dunes et rochers, montagnes, bas-fonds, falaises et ravins.
Vous publiez dans différentes revues, anthologies mais c’est à la retraite que votre recueil de nouvelles Makandal dans le sang nous révèle votre talent de nouvelliste. Comment s’est opéré le déclic ?
Déjà adolescente je rêvais d’écrire. Puis j’ai commencé à noiricr les pages des cahiers et des blocs notes que j’ai toujours trimbalés dans mes pérégrinations à travers le monde. J’en ai encore quelques uns que je relis de temps en temps pour me replonger dans le bon vieux temps. Le déclic pour le recueil est parti d’un atelier d’écriture organisé par les écrivains haïtiens Gary Victor et Marie-Alice Theard à Port-au-Prince, juste après mon départ à la retraite. J’y avais présenté quelques uns de mes textes qu’ils avaient aimés. Une fois revenue en Europe, des amies m’ont encouragée à m’accrocher à l’écriture. Déterminante a été aussi ma rencontre avec l’écrivain et grande sœur Marcelline Nziendolo Fila Matsocota.
Un recueil qui voyage entre l’Afrique et les Caraïbes pour quel message ?
Pour faire ressortir les liens intrinsèques entre les pays des Caraïbes, notamment Haïti et l’Afrique, l’Alma Mater comme la désignait une panéliste lors d’une conférence au Karibe Hôtel de Port-au-Prince, en présentant des participantes venues du Kenya.
Dans Makandal dans le sang, on trouve la racine des noms africains comme Makanda, Kanda, que pouvons-nous apprendre de ces noms?
Makandal est la déformation de Makanda, nom d’un esclave originaire de l’Afrique centrale, plus pécisément de l’ancien royaume de Kongo selon certaines sources. Comme tous les esclaves, il fut baptisé et reçut le prénom de François. Devenu «marron » c’est-à-dire rebelle échappé de «l’habitation» de ses maîtres, il vécut dans les mornes où il se familiarisa avec les éléments de la nature et apprit à confectionner des «médicaments» mais aussi des poisons utilisés comme armes de guerre contre les colons esclavagistes. Il mena plusieurs rebellions dans le nord-ouest de l’île de Saint-Domingue et mourut brûlé vif le 20 janvier 1758 à Cap-Français devenu Cap-Haïtien après l’indépendance d’Haïti en 1804.
Noms bantous, significations plurielles ?
Exactement, comme tous les noms Bantous, Makandal a plusieurs significations selon les ethnies. Le Kanda chez les Kongo désigne une communauté ou clan dont les membres se réclament d’un ancêtre commun. Le Kandza est chez les Koyo de la Cuvette congolaise, le hangar où se rassemblent les membres d’une même famille ou d’un même village pour différentes activités (réunions et discussions familiales, prises de repas, etc.). Mukanda ou Okanda renvoie à la feuille d’un arbre et par exension de nos jours, à une feuille de papier. En lingala, le mot Kanda signifie «colère». Toutes ces significations, à mon sens, se retrouvent dans le nom Makandal : le rassembleur qui maîtrise l’usage des plantes, qui vit en toute liberté comme une feuille au vent et dont la colère conduisit à la révolte.
Dans l’une de vos nouvelles, vous parlez de la misère d’une femme qui n’a que des filles. La naissance des filles est-elle donc une maléditcion même de nos jours ?
Vous savez, les croyances font parties des choses les plus coriaces, les plus difficiles à changer. Dans la nouvelle à laquelle vous faites référence, le «problème » ne réside pas dans le fait qu’Éngondo ait donné naissance à une fille, mais à des triplées dont le père n’est pas connu. Et, elle n’a jamais voulu dire qui était le père de ses trois filles. En dehors de cela, on peut dire qu’aujourd’hui encore dans nos villages, avoir un garçon est mieux perçu qu’avoir une fille parce que les gens sont encore convaincus que seul le garçon peut perpétuer la famille et que les filles sont sources de problèmes. Cependant, force est de reconnaître qu’avec l’évolution même lente des mentalités, la perception due que l’on a des filles est en train de changer grâce aux exemples de plus en croissants de filles éduquées, instruites qui ont «réussi» dans la vie. Ce qui veut dire qu’avec l’éducation et la réussite des filles, les vieilles idées et autres stéréotypes sont en train de tomber progressivement.
Vous développez plusieurs sujets dans ce recueil et on a l’impression que le monde va en se perdant, le pensez-vous ?
Je ne pense pas que le monde va en se perdant, le monde est en train de suivre son évolution d’une manière ou d’une autre. Les réalités sont en train de changer et les mentalités et les visions du monde avec.
Et le premier sujet qui m’interpelle est le vodou.
Le vodou, effectivement, a été longtemps diabolisé par les églises chrétiennes, par les films d’Hollywood. C’est un prêtre, notamment Jean Bertrand Aristide, ancien prédisent de la République d’Haïti qui reconnut le vodou comme une religion à part entière au même titre que toutes les autres religions qui existent en Haïti. Et depuis, aux Etats-Unis comme au Canada, et dans d’autres pays des Amériques, les vodouisants pratiquent librement leur religion. En Afrique, cela se passe encore timidement au plan public ; force est toutefois de reconnaître que le passage du président Soglo à la tête du Bénin et les actions menées par des intellectuels comme le Professeur Honorat Aguessy du Bénin, ancien fonctionnaire de l’UNESCO, ou encore le Haïtien feu Max Beauvoir et sa fille Rachel Beauvoir-Dominique, décédée aussi, ont contribué à faire bouger les idées figées que l’on se faisait du vodou.
Vous parlez également de cette mère solitaire et désespérée qui a des triplées, sont-elles mortes à la fin ?
Dans la nouvelle Éngondo, en effet, on ne sait pas ce qui leur arrive ; la mère «tourne le dos à son village, à sa vie, à tout son passé pour aller avec ses filles à la rencontre de l’inconnu.» Ainsi, j’ai voulu laisser ouvertes toutes les possibilités de compréhension du texte et que le lecteur lui donne la suite qu’il veut en accord avec la résonance que produit en lui le texte.
Que dire de l’argent est sale !
Le règne de l’argent sale n’est plus à démontrer de nos jours quand on voit comment il circule dans le monde, le nombre de personnes qui vivent ou qui meurent à cause de l’argent sale : viols, vols, exploitation des moins nantis et des femmes, meurtres impunis, retour de l’esclavagisme. C’est dire combien étendu est son règne ! Et cela va de paire avec la folie sous toutes ses formes (folie des grandeurs, folie du pouvoir…)
Un autre sujet que vous traitez est l’homosexualité…
La question de l’homosexualité est à peine effleurée dans la nouvelle Les yeux du cœur mais je l’avais traitée dans un de mes articles sur mon blog où je parle d’Issigui, un habitant d’Owando que j’ai connu quand, enfant, j’allais passer les vacances chez mes grands-parents. Dans cet article, je parle aussi de Magloire, un jeune de mon quartier qui m’aimait bien et qui a été une des toutes premières victimes du SIDA. Magloire est l’exemple typique d’un jeune qui devient homosexuel non pas par choix, mais par nature, car très tôt déjà, il était différent des garçons de son âge. Je ne considère donc pas tous les points mentionnés ci-dessus comme étant des signes d’un monde qui va en se perdant, mais plutôt d’un monde qui suit sa propre trajectoire en révélant à nos yeux la diversité fondamentale de l’humanité que nous ne voulions et ne voulons peut-être pas voir.
Faites-vous partie d’une association d’écrivains ?
Je suis membre du Regroupement des Poètes Engagés pour la Paix et la Liberté au sein duquel se trouvent des écrivains et poètes de tous horizons et qui a maintenant une plateforme d’édition en ligne (Les Engagés Éditions). Je suis aussi membre de La Ballade des Idées, un espace d’échanges et d’enrichissement mutuel animé sur Facebook par Cédric Mpindy, mais en dehors de ça, je n’appartiens à aucune association proprement dite d’écrivains.
Un projet en cours ?
Oui, un roman dont le titre est Le rendez-vous de Mombin-Crochu (encore Haïti ! rires) que je viens de boucler et qui est en attente de publication.
Propos recueillis par Marie Léontine Tsibinda Bilombo
100 réponses
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¿Cómo debería manejar esto una pareja una vez que descubren que su cónyuge les está engañando? Si un marido debe perdonar a su esposa por su traición es un tema que vale la pena discutir.
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